Circular economy approach of enhanced bifunctional catalytic system of CaO/CeO2 for biodiesel production from waste loquat seed oil with life cycle assessment study

• Valorization of sustainable novel waste Loquat Seed Oil into biodiesel fuel. Parametric study revealed that optimum yield was 90.14% at short time. Biodiesel in reusability without catalyst calcination reduced by 15%. LCA (midpoint indicators) showed GWP 1129 kg CO 2 eq for entire process 1000 biodiesel. Process is environmentally feasible with net energy ratio as 2.23. Herein, we utilised seed oil a resource to produce over bifunctional system based on CaO loaded ceria oxide support. The catalysts were characterised using XRD, SEM-EDX, SBET STEM, and TPD analyses, followed parametric analysis optimise the performance. XPS strong synergistic effect between CeO most active (15 wt% CaO-CeO ) 90.14 (±0.1) temperature 70 °C, methanol: 9, time 90 min 4 catalyst. test when calcined reused, almost same ±0.5%; however, production used calcination, quality produced investigated American Society Testing Materials (ASTM) European Union (EU) Standards. It it satisfied all standards could be potential alternative fuel instead fossil diesel from oil. Life cycle Assessment (LCA) condcuted assess environmental feasibility 1 functional unit (FU). midpoint indicators (from CML-IA baseline V3.06 method) cumulative abiotic depletion resources 26349 MJ, global warming eq, human health toxicity 422 1,4-DB (kg 1,4 dichlorobenzene equivalent) per FU. highest damage categories observed during preparation regeneration. This confirmed endpoint findings (ReCiPe 2016 Endpoint (E) V1.04), where contributed (119.2 Point (Pt)), ecosystems (9.3 Pt) (0.5 Pt). Furthermore, 2.23 (computed output energy/input energy) considering allocation due glycerol.